Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: Understanding ADHD

Understanding ADHD

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects a child’s ability to regulate attention, impulse control, and activity levels. It is not caused by poor behaviour or parenting, but rather by differences in how the developing brain organises, prioritises, and manages information.

Children with ADHD often find it difficult to sustain focus, follow instructions, organise tasks, or sit still. These challenges are linked to differences in the brain’s frontal and subcortical circuits, which play key roles in attention, motivation, and self-regulation. While symptoms may appear as inattention or hyperactivity, they reflect delays in the brain’s regulatory systems — not a lack of effort or willpower.

ADHD as a Challenge of Self-Regulation

ADHD is best understood as a difference in self-regulation, rather than simply a problem with attention or behaviour. Children with ADHD often find it difficult to pause, reflect, and organise their responses — not because they don’t know what to do, but because their brains struggle to manage impulses, emotions, and motivation in the moment.

These challenges stem from differences in how the brain’s regulatory systems develop and

communicate, particularly those involved in attention, planning, and emotional control.

Recognising ADHD as a delay in the development of executive functions helps shift the

focus from discipline to understanding.

With the right support — including structure, predictability, empathy, and skill-building — children can strengthen their focus and self-regulation, allowing their creativity, curiosity, and potential to flourish.